如何创建一个在Postgresql中返回动态列名的查询？

Question

我在报告数据库中有两个表格，一个用于订单，另一个用于订单项目。每个订单可以有多个订单项目，为每个数量沿：

Orders 
+----------+---------+ 
| order_id | email | 
+----------+---------+ 
| 1  | 1@1.com | 
+----------+---------+ 
| 2  | 2@2.com | 
+----------+---------+ 
| 3  | 3@3.com | 
+----------+---------+ 

Order Items 
+---------------+----------+----------+--------------+ 
| order_item_id | order_id | quantity | product_name | 
+---------------+----------+----------+--------------+ 
| 1    | 1  | 1  | Tee Shirt | 
+---------------+----------+----------+--------------+ 
| 2    | 1  | 3  | Jeans  | 
+---------------+----------+----------+--------------+ 
| 3    | 1  | 1  | Hat   | 
+---------------+----------+----------+--------------+ 
| 4    | 2  | 2  | Tee Shirt | 
+---------------+----------+----------+--------------+ 
| 5    | 3  | 3  | Tee Shirt | 
+---------------+----------+----------+--------------+ 
| 6    | 3  | 1  | Jeans  | 
+---------------+----------+----------+--------------+ 

就报告而言，我喜欢这个数据denormalise到一个单独的PostgreSQL视图（或只是运行一个查询），它可以将数据如上所示：

+----------+---------+-----------+-------+-----+ 
| order_id | email | Tee Shirt | Jeans | Hat | 
+----------+---------+-----------+-------+-----+ 
| 1  | 1@1.com | 1   | 3  | 1 | 
+----------+---------+-----------+-------+-----+ 
| 2  | 2@2.com | 2   | 0  | 0 | 
+----------+---------+-----------+-------+-----+ 
| 3  | 3@3.com | 3   | 1  | 0 | 
+----------+---------+-----------+-------+-----+ 

即，它是订单中每个项目的数量与产品名称的总和;并将产品名称设置为列标题。我是否需要使用类似crosstab的方法来执行此操作，或者是否存在使用子查询的巧妙方法，即使在查询运行之前我不知道不同产品名称的列表。

Answer 1

这是一个可能的答案：

create table orders 
(
    orders_id int PRIMARY KEY, 
    email text NOT NULL 
); 

create table orders_items 
(
    order_item_id int PRIMARY KEY, 
    orders_id int REFERENCES orders(orders_id) NOT NULL, 
    quantity int NOT NULL, 
    product_name text NOT NULL 
); 

insert into orders VALUES (1, '1@1.com'); 
insert into orders VALUES (2, '2@2.com'); 
insert into orders VALUES (3, '3@3.com'); 

insert into orders_items VALUES (1,1,1,'T-Shirt'); 
insert into orders_items VALUES (2,1,3,'Jeans'); 
insert into orders_items VALUES (3,1,1,'Hat'); 
insert into orders_items VALUES (4,2,2,'T-Shirt'); 
insert into orders_items VALUES (5,3,3,'T-Shirt'); 
insert into orders_items VALUES (6,3,1,'Jeans'); 


select 
    orders.orders_id, 
    email, 
    COALESCE(tshirt.quantity, 0) as "T-Shirts", 
    COALESCE(jeans.quantity,0) as "Jeans", 
    COALESCE(hat.quantity, 0) as "Hats" 
from 
    orders 
    left join (select orders_id, quantity from orders_items where product_name = 'T-Shirt') 
    as tshirt ON (tshirt.orders_id = orders.orders_id) 
    left join (select orders_id, quantity from orders_items where product_name = 'Jeans') 
    as jeans ON (jeans.orders_id = orders.orders_id) 
    left join (select orders_id, quantity from orders_items where product_name = 'Hat') 
    as hat ON (hat.orders_id = orders.orders_id) 
; 

测试PostgreSQL的。结果：

orders_id | email | T-Shirts | Jeans | Hats 
-----------+---------+----------+-------+------ 
     1 | 1@1.com |  1 |  3 | 1 
     2 | 2@2.com |  2 |  0 | 0 
     3 | 3@3.com |  3 |  1 | 0 
(3 rows) 

基于您的评论，你可以尝试使用tablefunc这样的：

CREATE EXTENSION tablefunc; 

SELECT * FROM crosstab 
(
    'SELECT orders_id, product_name, quantity FROM orders_items ORDER BY 1', 
    'SELECT DISTINCT product_name FROM orders_items ORDER BY 1' 
) 
AS 
(
     orders_id text, 
     TShirt text, 
     Jeans text, 
     Hat text 
); 

但我认为你正在考虑SQL错误的方式。你通常知道你想要哪些行，并且必须告诉它SQL。 “旋转表格”90度不属于SQL，应该避免。